The History of Vaccines - 3022 Words

Joseph Albietz explicates what vaccination is and how â€Å"vaccine is safe† for people to be able to use it without having to overwhelm with startled facts about the linkages between the 2009 H1N1 epidemic and autism. John E. Calfee enlarges Albietz information by providing proof of scientific findings. The findings that Calfee provided for us was how some scientists â€Å"failed to replicate Wakefields results and in fact had ruled out any connection between autism and any vaccine, including the MMR vaccine.† (Calfee) Karin Decoster and Richard M. Eckersley both contradict what Albietz and Calfee have to say. Decoster asserts the false interpretation of how the government is promoting flu when â€Å"no one wants the vaccination so they have to push it and advertise it.† (Decoster) Eckersley relates the vaccination leading to drug abuse in a broader environment such as having disadvantages of acquiring the vaccination shot. I approve both Albietz and Calfee beca use they provided with many findings and researched that makes it credible to the reader. I think that vaccination itself cures many infectious diseases, but does not relate to affecting the people and their child with Autism or any other brain development issues. Before attending the school year, students from kindergarten to 12th grade have to take some sort of immunization. It is a requirement to show documentations to the school about the vaccines that the students took during their doctor’s check-up. Many infectiousShow MoreRelatedThe History of Vaccines594 Words   |  2 PagesThe history of vaccines began with the creation of a smallpox vaccination developed by Edward Jenner and ended in extreme debate as more locations require vaccines despite dangerous side effects. Forty-two states have mandatory vaccine policies and many children are required to receive at least 22 vaccinations before the first grade. Vaccinations, a controversial topic among medical professionals, should not be mandatory due to possible health risks. Despite common belief, vaccinations are actuallyRead MoreEssay on The History of Vaccine1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe Matter of Vaccine When children are born and for the first two years of their lives, they receive multiple shots and drops of vaccines. These vaccines protect them from getting diseases that were deadly and common in children many decades ago. Vaccine is one of the greatest achievement in medicine history. There were thousands of lives lost in the battle with some of the terrifying diseases like smallpox and polio. Now, after years of vaccine invention, vaccination spread in many countries whichRead MoreThe History of Vaccines and Immunization4179 Words   |  17 PagesThe History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges Alexandra Minna Stern and Howard Markel Abstract Human beings have benefited from vaccines for more than two centuries. Yet the pathway to effective vaccines has been neither neat nor direct. This paper explores the history of vaccines and immunization, beginning with Edward Jenner’s creation of the world’s first vaccine for smallpox in the 1790s. We then demonstrate that many of the issues salient in Jenner’s era—suchRead MoreThe Science And History And Development Of The Influenza Vaccines1737 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that claim to protect against influenza. The extent to which the influenza vaccine reduces the risk of disease under controlled conditions is known as the vaccine s efficacy. The testing of vaccine efficacy is quite stringent and involves Phase I, II, and III trials. Two of which, are double-blinded placebo controlled trials. Influenza adapts, and mutates such that is never the same from year to year, and therefore makingRead MoreCholera Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine, Treatment and History1672 Words   |  7 PagesCholera is no longer considered a critical health threat in North America and Europe due to filtering and chlorination of water supplies.However, it still affects developing countries and especially the children inhabiting them. (Balakrishnan/ 2008) History Filippo Pacini It was believed that cholera was caused by an exorbitant production of bile by the patient before the study of bacteria gained importance and before microorganisms were linked to infectious diseases. In the 1800s this explanation wasRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Vaccination1447 Words   |  6 PagesVaccination is a form of artificial immunity that works with and jumpstarts the body’s own immune system to protect the body from various pathogenic organisms. An article by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) states that to understand vaccines, it is best to first understand how the human immune system works. When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack cells and multiply. To protect the body from further infection, the immune system acts as a security system andRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1010 Words   |  5 PagesVaccines Debates have risen lately whether or not to vaccinate children. Although vaccines potentially cause negative side effects, they are a common procedure for most families each year. Over time, several case studies have developed highlighting these side effects and raised concern about whether or not to accept vaccines. However, many people are not familiar with the typical vaccine and what it actually does once inside the body. â€Å"A vaccine is consisted of killed or weakened versions of aRead MoreVaccinations And The Prevention Of Infectious Diseases Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesKristen DeFlorio Student ID: 22339369 Introduction to Biology, SCI120 Research Project Number 25011100 11/29/2016 VACCINATIONS â€Æ' Throughout history, vaccinations have been used to help the prevention of infectious diseases; some of which can produce serious illnesses, crippling disabilities, and ultimately be the cause of death. There is evidence of ancient culture’s attempting to treat transmittable diseases with various forms of inoculations. Developments in the research of vaccinations increasedRead MoreMandatory Vaccinations Of School Age Children1473 Words   |  6 Pagesearly as the 1800s (History of Vaccines). Major anti-vaccination movements began around 1815 during the smallpox epidemic in England (History of Vaccines). Doctor Edward Jenner conducted an experiment where he tested the vaccine first on cows, and later proved it effective on children (History of Vaccines). Jenner’s experiment consisted of taking a lymph from a cowpox blister and inserting it into the blood stream of the patient (History of Vaccines). News about the vaccine brought hope to parentsRead MoreA Call for Vaccin ations 865 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Vaccines save lives; fear endangers them. Its an unpretentious message parents need to keep hearing.† –Jeffery Kluger. The change in seasons can be intense for some people. It triggers them to become ill and get sick if they do not take care of themselves. Children, among these people, are more prone to becoming ill because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. A great number of parents do not know that getting their children vaccinated when recommended by doctors is a simple solution

The Jewish People Of My Heritage - 1678 Words

When choosing subjects for this Essay one must look at the personal importance of historical events and choose carefully to embody the choices being considered. Within the subjects that I have chosen for this Essay I am embarking to express my individual opinions and views on the following subjects. We will be going over the seedling of gender equality, the faith of the Jewish people of my heritage, the Greeks impact on architecture and design, the council that made a religion from a man, and lastly a Queen that inspires me to never give up. I want to address firstly one of great significance not only to myself but to women worldwide. It is on the importance concerning equal rights we as women have today thanks to Hatshepsut. Her impact†¦show more content†¦I Jehovah your God will curse all who threaten you and bless the people who are good to you. So, Abram left his home and walked by faith to a land that God showed him and he was seventy-five years old, and Lot his nephew went with him out of Ha’-ran. Back then to uproot and re-locate was unheard of, the roads they traveled were wrought with thieves and criminals. To put it in perspective, think of walking outside of your home with nothing but the clothes on your back, a Rolex watch on your wrist and you are surrounded by thugs and scary characters. Now imagine that scenario but with great boldness and confidence that nothing will harm you. That is the attitude Abraham had when leaving his home at seventy-five years old, he knew God would take care of h im and his family. The faith of the Jewish people stem from stories such as this, their great confidence in their God is awe inspiring and almost mysterious. (Source Number 2.) Onto our next subject, we will look at the Greeks and the influence they have had on Architecture in Western Civilization. A simple observation of the Acropolis and you can see familiar designs and influence in western architecture from the columns to the moldings found in buildings today for example, the White House is filled with columns and moldings imitating Greek design. It’s easy to see why we have adopted the strong yet elegant designs of the Greeks, the designs are sturdyShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Deaf Culture1445 Words   |  6 Pagesof Deaf culture such as â€Å"language, heritage art and history†, I began wondering about how the historical significance of each one impacted the modern choices of Deaf individuals (Holcomb 17). Our textbook Introduction to American Deaf Culture makes references to how important American Sign Language is to define the Deaf community which leaves me wondering how strong the foundation of Deaf culture would be if based on h eritage rather than on language. Being Jewish I never learned Hebrew but knew allRead MoreThe Cultural World of Jewish Women Explained in Daughters of Tradition by Alicia Ramos-Gonzà ¡lez1806 Words   |  7 PagesAlicia Ramos-Gonzà ¡lez in her work Daughters of Tradition discuss, in great detail, the cultural world of Jewish women in Eastern Europe during the 16th-19th century. I believe that culture takes root in ones’ identity not only as an individual, but also in ones’ identity with their people and nation. Based on this belief, I have chosen to focus my explorations on the patterns found in the bases of Jewish identity among the women in Yiddish culture during this time. Despite the negative impacts towardsRead MoreHidden Childhood1646 Words   |  7 Pageswere subordinate to the German’s rule. Between September 1940 and June 1942, the German occupation of France caused the Vichy Government to pass many Anti- Jewish laws: including expanding the categor y of who is a Jew, forbidding free negotiation of Jewish-owned capital, confiscating radios in Jewish possession, executing and deporting Jewish members of the resistance movement, establishing a curfew, forbidding a change of residence, ordering all Jews to wear a yellow badge ( Star of David) and prohibitingRead MoreReflection of Juduasm Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now known as the land between Israel and Palestine. Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary characters of Israelite culture include the great patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet Moses, who received Gods law at Mt. Sinai. Judaism is a traditionRead More My Jewish Identity in Conflict Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesMy Jewish Identity in Conflict When I think of my cultural identity, my religion--Judaism--comes to mind first and foremost. When I think of my Jewish identity in conflict, racism (in my case anti-Semitism) is the obvious factor. But to fully define my conflict with my religious identity, I cannot only write from personal experiences with racism. I must also include the anti-Semitism that my forefathers have endured, from the beginning of time up to today, ranging from the Spanish InquisitionRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words   |  4 Pagesleader Adolf Hitler and the members of his group carried out Jews. The website classified the term Genocide to commit violent crimes against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The central issue raised by the site is informing people the awareness of Genocide. When I was looking into the cases mentioned on the website many of the cases are â€Å"racial profiling† ag ainst culture, religion and race. During the Holocaust the Nazis were a group that had wealth and power. According toRead MoreThe Jazz Singer1555 Words   |  7 PagesSamson Raphaelson. The short story was then adapted into an onstage musical in 1925 before finally becoming a full length feature film in 1927. The film follows a young man by the name of Jakie Rabinowitz. He lives with his mother and father in the Jewish ghetto of the lower east side of Manhattan. Jakie is an only child and is expected by his father to follow in the traditional family footsteps of becoming a Cantor. After a brief bit of research, I discovered that a Cantor is a person who leads worshipRead MoreLife738 Words   |  3 Pagesopportunity to work with an American novelist and short story writer, Ernest Hemingway. Although Hemingway is shown to be all male, he can’t seem to discover the fact that the story was written by a girl. The story is about a girl who is hiding her Jewish identity to be present at a country club party; however, the narrator changed the protagonist from a girl to a boy. Unfortunately, this act leads to events that have an effect on a few of the characters mentioned throughout the novel. The narratorRead MoreThe Sixties By David Kaufman1563 Words   |  7 Pages Jewhooing the Sixti es by David Kaufman is a book that examines the Jewish identity of the Jewish people as a whole based on the Jewish celebrities in America and their effect on popular culture, mainly during the first half of the 1960s. During this time, it was very common for people and especially for Jews to follow the habit of citing Jewish celebrities to which Kaufman refers to the name as â€Å"Jewhooing†. This action of jewhooing according to Kaufman â€Å"points to a deeper relationship between JewsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1308 Words   |  6 Pagespeace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective,† said Martin Luther King Jr. No other race of people on earth have been persecuted and oppressed more than the Jews. This persistent reality of their history is a sharp reminder that history does repeat itself and i t’s not always beneficial. During the Roman Empire in the first century of the Common

Research Program Design and Evaluation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research Program Design and Evaluation. Answer: Introduction: Indigenous populations in Australia are subject to venerable outcomes of historical suppression. These consequences result to high mortality rates, poor health conditions n comparison to non indigenous populations and inexplicably high levels of diseases like diabetes, mental health problems and alcoholism. There extreme poverty levels translate directly to low levels of education that reflect to economic adversity, lower attainment in education, no access or little access to high quality healthcare and social dysfunction (Iwelunmor et al., 2014). Traditional Medicare approaches primarily focus on disease treatment and progression, therefore cultural complexities and indigenous healing processes are not captured in plan designs meant to improve healthcare and change health behaviors in these communities. These papers role hence is to describe the role of culture as a determinant of health and strategies to work effectively with these cultures. Modern medical science views health as primarily lack of defect or disease in the body, whereby, the body systems are operating normally. These poses limitations as new technology, new drug and treatment discoveries increase the cost of Medicare. This has continued to rise in the recent past. In practice, this materialistic approach therefore results in symptomatic and piecemeal approach to ill health. Specific cures fix symptoms and cure diseases without dealing with symptom causes and individuals as a whole. Focusing only on aspects measured and observed in the laboratory leaves a large blind spot that the medical model cannot solve as it views people like body systems working together. Using an approach that takes into account human spirit, emotions and mind brings about other factors that determine healthcare. The population health approach insists on a state of complete mental, social wellbeing. In analyzing individual and populations health, non medical determinants come into play. Cultural identity, equity, safety, education, social economic status management, infrastructure, social integration, inclusions, community and geography influences provision of or access to medical services (Basnyat Dutta, 2012). Important determinants of Australians indigenous populations health is inequality; including the lower standards of infrastructures of health and healthcare equal access when compared to other Australians. The National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health 2003-2013 guides Australias indigenous health policy. The main concern therefore is to bridge the gap between the indigenous people and the other population. Human rights and empowerment practice Rights inherent to all human beings are termed as human rights. No matter what our place of dwelling, nationality, color, national or ethnic group, language, religion or other status, human rights are entitled to all without discrimination. These rights are indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. They are guaranteed and expressed by law in forms of customary international law and treaties. The ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) includes the right to education, the right to adequate living standards i.e. adequate food, housing and clothing and the right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health in articles 13, 11 and 12 consecutively. The covenant in article 2 requires that governments to the maximum of their resource will take steps to make realizable all the rights in the covenant. In addition to that non discriminatory enjoyment of the rights should apply. The human rights based health approach has a set framework that is focused to offset inequalities and ensure people enjoy the highest health standards attainable (Dutta et al., 2015). It emphasis governments accountability for outcomes of social economic nature in different sectors as legal obligations measured against human rights system norms. Fundamental principles are established that guide development of policies management that ensure equal opportunity provision to indigenous people and that there is no discrimination against through distinctive cultural status recognition. It outlines a criteria used to asses program interventions and health policy to ascertain that services are of sufficient quality, appropriate, available and accessible by ensuring they dont fall below the essential minimum level for human rights. Requires the government to demonstrate; targeted approach of issues in collaboration with indigenous people; to achieve within a timeframe the defined goals (Rubincam et al., 215). It places on the government a burden to justify use of all resources in its disposal as a matter of priority to satisfy the right to health. In the empowerment matrix, community health work terrain is multidimensional with the health worker being the primary instrument that is involved in practice since the work is about relationships and partnerships. Awareness of the dimensions puts one in a place to use their power transformatively in power cultural dynamics disempowerment. This matrix provides useful means of bringing into concept the relationships between empowerment process, social identities and cultural systems. It refers to the elements landscape existing outside and within an individual and its interaction make up communities or individuals capacity to assume control over their wellbeing and health (Betsch et al., 2015). Psychological elements or more subjective empowerment elements like identity, consciousness and culture form the internal empowerment terrain. Identity embeds ones self esteem, sense of belonging and self. Consciousness includes intuition, knowledge, critical thinking ability and skills. These are basically individual capacities that they carry around with them. They combine to bring out a persons capacities. On the other hand, material elements that are outward oriented constitute external empowerment terrain. These include strategic partnerships, social structures, community cohesiveness, physical resources, community social networks and other economic resources. Currently, contemporary and social historic colonization process is considered an important element characterizing external empowerment terrain and has real life effects on people (Airhihenbuwa et al., 2016). The Australias indigenous cultural health determinants include; Cultural determinants Sources/ bodies domain Self determination UNDRIP; UDHR Social inclusion, HR, law and justice (Basilio et al., 2016). Freedom from being discriminated against ICESCR; ICERD Social policy, politics, service delivery, law and justice Collective and individual rights ICCPR; UNDRIP Social policy, employment, law and justice, economics Freedom from culture destruction and assimilation ICCPR Politics, social policy, education, service delivery, law and justice Protection from relocation CRC; UNDRIP; ICERD Service delivery, law and justice Connection and utilization of traditional and country lands ICESCR Environment and native title land rights Promotion, reclamation, preservation and revitalization of cultural practices and language ICESCR;CRC Employment, education Promotion and protection of TK, IIP ILO convention Ethics, law and justice Understanding of law, responsibilities and traditional roles UNDRIP education Links between poverty and health status There is a wide social economic gap between indigenous people and the other population, averagely their gross household income is half that of the other population. Indigenous peoples unemployment rate is three times that of the other non indigenous population. By the year 2004 only half of indigenous students could continue their education to their 12th year comparing to non- indigenous students. Poverty is hence related to poor health (Thiam et al., 2015). Literacy and poor education contribute to poor health as it limits the peoples capacity to use and benefit from health information. Accessibility to medicine and health services is reduced by poor income. Poverty contributes to run down and overcrowded housing that increase spread of communicable diseases, poor diet for infants and future chronic diseases. High risk behaviors and smoking have been seen to be contributed by low social economic status. Poor people have less forms of control over their lives i.e. financial control, in many cases these contribute to a high unhealthy stress burden. They have a high psychological demands exposure and limited possibilities to have power over the situation (Currie et al., 2015). Chronic stress can impact on the bodies metabolic functions, immune system and circulatory system through various hormonal pathways bringing rise to a series of health problems e.g. heart disease, violence against women mental health and dysfunction in the community. Indigenous people stated that there was a link between their control of community self esteem, dignity, justice and their environmental control to their health as shown in their National Aboriginal Health Strategy (Gill et al., 2016). It is not just a matter of absence of disease, provision of medicines, doctors or hospitals. They had anticipated the social determinants development early therefore generally a persons lack of control over his/her life contributes to a burden of unhealthy/ chronic stress that results to violence, mental health issues and substance abuse. Within a group of indigenous people, notable substance abuse, and high risk behavior rates indicates chronic stress. Reports showed that in 2002, over half of population aged 15 years and over were every day smokers and one In every six consumed high risk levels of alcohol. Mental problems arising at high rates also indicate the groups chronic stress. Compared to other Australians, indigenous people were twice more lik ely to be hospitalized for behavioral and mental disorders. Hospitalization rates due to intentional self harm and assault are also indicators of mental distress and illness (Kagawa Singer, 2012). This stress has been triggered by negative social environment features that are relatively permanent including: racism and intergenerational poverty. It leads to circulatory disease which is currently the biggest indigenous people killer disease. With reports showing better mental social health for children living in very remote communities as compared to the ones that have been exposed to other peoples lifestyle (Garnweidner et al., 2012). Thus, traditional ways and culture are protective against poor social, emotional and environmental safety of the indigenous people. Moreover control over their own ways can help in their economic and social regeneration. A communitys ability to address and decide on their own health priorities increases communities primary healthcare. Aboriginal and Strait Islander people with a mental health project resulted to Geraldton hospital receiving decreased psychiatric admissions (Alden et al., 2014). Cultural health determinants promote a perspective that is strength based. In this perspective, stronger country and culture connections build stronger collective and personal identities, resilience, self esteem sense and other health determinants outcome improves i.e. safety, economic stability and education (Good Hannah, 2015). In exploring these determinants, one must recognize social justice sectors, the ACCHS movement and human rights networks which exist in a community. As a practitioner in a cultural setting, one has to have extensive knowledge in the following cultural determinant of health. They should not however limit themselves to only these (Al-Bannay et al., 2014). They include self determination; freedom from culture destruction and assimilation; collective and individual rights and discrimination; protection from relocating/removal; protection indigenous intellectual property and traditional knowledge promotion; understanding of traditional responsibilities and roles; custodianship, connection to and utilization of traditional and countries lands; preservation, reclamation, promotion and revitalization of cultural practices and language (Chandra et al., 2016). It has been proofed that promotion and protection of traditional knowledge, culture, family and kinship add to personal resilience and cohesion of the community. In addition, strong cultural practices and links improve SDH outcomes and indigenous point of view improves perspective for all. The above health determinants relate to specific domains as follows: education; service delivery, law and justice; land rights, native title environment; ethics, law and justice; employment, economics and social policy; politics (Napier et al., 2014). All these domains directly affect cultural health determinants and it is by dealing effectively with them that the gap of health between indigenous and non- indigenous communities can be bridged. determinant example Examples of indicators Self determination ACCH sector Number of established and new CCHS Collective and individual rights Cultural rights, citizenship, human rights Constitution reforms not to allow enactment of racist reforms, domestic legislation incorporates international human rights instruments Freedom from being discriminated against Provision of services that are culturally safe Zero tolerance policies, number of complaints to the AHRC decrease. Number of social initiatives increase Freedom from culture destruction and assimilation Resourcing and inclusive policies School curriculum to incorporate indigenous culture in history. Political representation. Protection from relocation Education, dialysis, birthing Develop service delivery models. ACCHS provision of co-located care Connection and utilization of traditional and country lands Upscale indigenous enterprises through validation and acknowledgement of cultural knowledge Increase rangers and trainees, more opportunities in micro finance. Promotion, reclamation, preservation and revitalization of cultural practices and language APY council for women Employment, language and education courses. Funded local education initiatives Promotion and protection of TK, IIP International human rights instruments Domestic laws, legal protection and ethical guidelines Understanding of law, responsibilities and traditional roles Strong, not lazy men, not addicts and wife beaters, strict social structures Cultural education network for men We have the chance to honor indigenous people, treat them equally for them to enjoy the highest standards of mental and physical health attainable. We need a commitment to deeply engage in ethical practice at different levels (Airhihenbuwa et al., 2014). Models of care should be standardized to reduce disparities in indigenous health. References Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Ford, C. L., Iwelunmor, J. I. (2014). Why culture matters in health interventions: Lessons from HIV/AIDS stigma and NCDs. Health Education Behavior, 41, 7884. Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Iwelunmor J. I., Ezepue, C. J., Williams, N. J., Jean-Louis, G. (2016). I sleep, because we sleep: A synthesis on the role of culture in sleep behavior research. Sleep Medicine, 18, 6773. Al-Bannay, H., Jarus, T., Jongbloed, L., Yazigi, M., Dean, E. (2014). Culture as a variable in health research: Perspectives and caveats. Health Promotion International, 29, 549557. Alden, D. L., Friend, J., Schapira, M., Stiggelbout, A. (2014). Cultural targeting and tailoring of shared decision making technology: A theoretical framework for improving the effectiveness of patient decision aids in culturally diverse groups. Social Science Medicine, 105, 18. Basilio, C. D., Kwan, V. S., Towers, M. J. (2016). Culture and risk assessments: Why Latino Americans perceive greater risk for diabetes. Culturural Diversity Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22, 104113. Basnyat, I., Dutta, M. J. (2012). Reframing motherhood through the culture-centered approach: Articulations of agency among young Nepalese women. Health Communication, 27, 273283. Betsch, C., Bohm, R., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Butler, R., Chapman, G. B., Haase, N. B., et al. (2015). Improving medical decision making and health promotion through culture-sensitive health communication: An agenda for science and practice. Medical Decision Making. 36, 811833. Chandra, A., Acosta, J., Carman, K. G., Dubowitz, T., Leviton, L., Martin, L. T., et al. (2016). Building a national culture of health. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Currie, C. L., Wild, C. T., Schopflocher, D. P., Laing, L., Veugelers, P. (2013). Illicit and prescription drug problems among urban Aboriginal adults in Canada: The role of traditional culture in protection and resilience. Social Science Medicine, 88, 19. Dutta, M. J. (2015). Communicating health: A culture-centered approach. West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley Sons. Garnweidner, L. M., Terragni, L., Pettersen, K. S., Mosdol, A. (2012). Perceptions of the host countrys food culture among female immigrants from Africa and Asia: Aspects relevant for cultural sensitivity in nutrition communication. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44, 335342. Gill, S., Kuwahara, R., Wilce, M. (2016). Through a culturally competent lens: Why the program evaluation standards matter. Health Promotion Practice, 17, 58. Good, M. J., Hannah, S. D. (2015). Shattering culture: Perspectives on cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52, 198221. Iwelunmor, J., Newsome, V., Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2014). Framing the impact of culture on health: A systematic review of the PEN-3 cultural model and its application in public health research and interventions. Ethnicity Health, 19, 2046. Kagawa Singer, M., Dressler, W., George, S., Elwood, W. (2012a). The cultural framework for health: An integrative approach for research and program design and evaluation. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research. Kagawa Singer, M (2012b). Applying the concept of culture to reduce health disparities through health behavior research. Preventive Medicine, 55(5), 356361. Napier, A. D., Ancarno, C., Butler, B., Calabrese, J., Chater, A., Chatterjee, H., et al. (2014). Culture and health. The Lancet, 384(9954), 16071639. Rubincam, C., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Newman, P. A. (2015). Taking culture seriously in biomedical HIV prevention trials: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Expert Review of Vaccines, 15(3), 331347. Thiam, S., Delamou, A., Camara, S., Carter, J., Lama, E. K., Ndiaye, B., et al. (2015). Challenges in controlling the Ebola outbreak in two prefectures in Guinea: Why did communities continue to resist? Pan African Medical Journal, 22(Suppl. 1), 22.

my SWOT Essay Essay Example

my SWOT Essay Essay BookletMore information from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/641109/ London Biscuits BHDDescription: Quantitative analyses of fiscal statements ( Income Statement. Balance Sheet and Sources of Capital ) . extended ratio tabular arraies ( Accounting. Asset Utilization. Employee Efficiency. Fixed Charges Coverage. Leverage Analysis. Liquidity Analysis. Per-share Data and Profitability Analysis ) and proprietary Wright Quality Rating analyses tabular arraies. The Wright Quality Rating. a step of corporate hazard. examines the liquidness of the stock. fiscal strength. profitableness and corporate growing features of London Biscuits BHD. There is a textual reappraisal of the fiscal consequences of London Biscuits BHD versus Cocoaland Holdings Bhd. Apollo Food Holdings Berhad and Teck Guan Perdana Berhad. 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We will write a custom essay sample on my SWOT Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on my SWOT Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on my SWOT Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contentss: This merchandise typically includes the undermentioned subdivisions:Company Fundamentalss– Company Profile– Comparative Business Analysis– Summary Analysis per Share– Gross saless Analysis– Price Analysis– Net incomes and Dividends AnalysisFiscal Statement Analysiss– Balance Sheet – Common Size– Balance Sheet – Year-Year Percent Change– Balance Sheet – Five-Year Averages- Income Statement – Common Size – Income Statement – Year-Year Percent Change– Income Statement – Five-Year Averages- Sources of CapitalFinancial Ratio Analyses– Accounting Ratios— Asset Utilization— Employee Efficiency– Fixed Charges Coverage – Leverage Analysis– Liquidity Analysis— Per-Share Data– Profitability AnalysisWright Quality Rating Analysiss– Investment Credence– Financial Strength– Profitability and Stabilityâ₠¬â€œ Corporate GrowthNotes:– Report is included when there are five or more old ages of informations history. — Report is included when employee counts are available.—These studies are non produced for Financial Companies. 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The Bog Bodies of Europe - Archeological Finds

The Bog Bodies of Europe - Archeological Finds The term bog bodies (or bog people) is used to refer to human burials, some likely sacrificed, placed within peat bogs of Denmark, Germany, Holland, Britain, and Ireland and naturally mummified. The highly acidic peat acts as a remarkable preservative, leaving the clothing and skin intact, and creating poignant and memorable images of people of the past. The reason that bogs permit a high level of preservation is because they are both acidic and anaerobic (oxygen-poor). When a body is thrown into a bog, the cold water will hinder putrefaction and insect activity. Sphagnum mosses and the presence of tannin add to the preservation by having anti-bacterial properties. The total number of bodies pulled from European bogs is unknown, partly because they were were first rediscovered in the 17th century and records are shaky. Estimates range wildly between about 200 to 700. The oldest bog body is Koelbjerg Woman, recovered from a peat bog in Denmark. the most recent dates to about 1000 AD. Most of the bodies were placed in the bogs during the European Iron Age and Roman period, between about 800 BC and AD 200. Bog Bodies Denmark: Grauballe Man, Tollund Man, Huldre Fen Woman, Egtved Girl, Trundholm Sun Chariot (not a body, but from a Danish bog all the same) Germany: Kayhausen Boy UK: Lindow Man Ireland: Gallagh Man Dont forget to try your hand at the Bog Body Quiz Sources and Recommended Reading Coles, Byrony and Coles, John. 1989. People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers. London, Thames and Hudson.Glob, Peter Vilhelm. 2004[1965]. The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved. New York Review of Books, New York.Lynnerup, Niels 2007 Mummies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 50:162-190.Sanders, Karin. 2009. Bodies in the Bog and the Archaeological Imagination. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. ISBN 13:978-0-226-73404-0 (cloth). 233 pages, plus 82 pages of notes, bibliography and index; 63 black and white photographs.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Accéder (to Reach)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Accà ©der (to Reach) When you want to say to reach or to accede in French, you will use the verb  accà ©der. As with all verbs, it needs to be conjugated to fit the meaning of the sentence. Its a rather simple conjugation, but there are a few things you need to watch out for. Conjugations for the French Verb  Accà ©der Just as we do in English with the endings -ed and -ing, its necessary to conjugate French verbs. By changing the words ending, the verb will match the subject pronoun as well as the tense of the sentence. By using these charts, you can quickly learn the conjugations for the various forms of  accà ©der. For instance, to say I reach or I attain in French, you will say jaccà ©de. You will notice that  accà ©der  has two options for the future tense and conditional forms. This is because stem-changing verbs  that end in  Ãƒ ©_er  have an optional change. You can use either of the E accents - grave à ¨ or acute à © - in these conjugations. Subject Present Future Imperfect j accde accderaiaccderai accdais tu accdes accderasaccderas accdais il accde accderaaccdera accdait nous accdons accderonsaccderons accdions vous accdez accderezaccderez accdiez ils accdent accderontaccderont accdaient The Present Participle of  Accà ©der The  present participle  for accà ©der is accà ©dant. The -ant  ending is used in a similar manner to the English -ing. This form can be used as a verb, but also works as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Passà © Composà © of  Accà ©der Besides the imperfect past tense, you can also use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  form of  accà ©der. This is actually quite common in French and youll find it easier than remembering all of the imperfect conjugations. To use the passà © composà ©, you will need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb, which in this case is  avoir. You will also need  accà ©ders  past participle  of  accà ©dà ©. These elements come together to cover any number of subjects. For instance, for I reached, you will simply say jai accà ©dà ©. When you want to say we attained, it is nous avons accà ©dà ©. The  ai  and  avons  are the conjugations for  avoir. More Conjugations for  Accà ©der You may not use all of the following conjugations in your French, but as you learn more they may become useful. The subjunctive form refers to a mood and implies that the verb is subjective or uncertain. Similarly, the conditional verb mood applies when the action may or may not happen. It is dependent on conditions. Both the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are mostly found in formal French writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j accde accderaisaccderais accdai accdasse tu accdes accderaisaccderais accdas accdasses il accde accderaitaccderait accda accdt nous accdons accderionsaccderions accdmes accdassions vous accdez accderiezaccderiez accdtes accdassiez ils accdent accderaientaccderaient accdrent accdassent Another useful conjugation for  accà ©der  is the imperative, which is used for direct commands and requests. For this form, you can skip the subject pronoun as that is implied with the verb form. For instance, instead of saying  vous accà ©dez, you can simply say accà ©dez. Imperative (tu) accde (nous) accdons (vous) accdez

Causes of Conflict in Special Education Term Paper

Causes of Conflict in Special Education - Term Paper Example Conflicts occur amongst stakeholders in special education due to a variety of reasons. Design conflicts arise when stakeholders have conflicting ideas about special education requirements of their wards. These arguments characteristically are about issues like eligibility for services; methodology of intervention; perceptions about student needs and educational placement. Parents usually feel that their ward has needs that merit unique education services while the school administration may decide that the child is ineligible for these services. Arguments may occur over the most suitable methodology for intervention. In the recent past, a range of interventions has emerged that offer the possibility of amazing outcomes. However, some of these treatments tend to be costly and need highly specialized employees. This is a possible area of conflict. The second area of disagreement is the delivery of services. Delivery problems are those connected with implementing an intervention program that has been decided upon by the family and the school district. Although the stakeholders may have reached an accord, both on the requirements of a child and on the services that the child should receive, disagreements may arise if either the school district fails to provide the decided services or the parents feel that services are not being suitably provided. Delivery disagreements frequently involve issues of provider competence, coordination of services, transportation, scheduling, procedural requirements, privacy, and/or confidentiality. Relationships are the most important but indefinable sources of arguments between school districts and parents. Relationship conflicts may stem from cultural differences, breakdowns in communication, and loss of trust. Although only a handful of states include this category in their analysis of requests for mediation, mediators and mediation program coordinators consider relationship conflicts to be a central reason that increasing numbers of parents seek mediation. Â  

Internet privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet privacy - Essay Example People are encouraged to ensure timely update of their antiviruses and to be sure with what they click at any given instance. The widespread use of social media platforms has further aggravated the matter as personal information is made accessible to those within the social brackets thus increasing the chances of cyber crime. Internet privacy relates to the right of personal confidentiality on the storing as well as availing of information to third parties through the internet on specific issues. This is regarded as a subset of computer privacy in the ever growing information sector. The level of privacy in the internet can be divided into personally identifying information which refers to any information that is used in the recognition of given individual factors such as physical address or other personal bio-data and non-personal identifying information which excludes any personal information regarding an individual (Imparato, 2000). Countries all over the world as well as the United States of America are trying all workable methods that are aimed at ensuring total protection of personal information by maintaining their privacy (Frackman, Martin, & Ray, 2002). With the proliferation of social media, avoiding revealing sensitive data can be difficult making laws and government regulations necessary for maintaining privacy. One of the steps towards enhancing internet privacy is by encouraging people not to carelessly or mistakenly revealing personal information via the internet. One can easily made public their personal bio-data over the internet without being fully aware of it hence the need to be very careful when using the internet. One should make use of pseudonyms instead of using real names and actual personal information. The browsers used should not be in a position to leak out personal information or retain them for a longer period of time (Jakubiak,

Continuing Academic Success Essay Example for Free

Continuing Academic Success Essay There are many steps a student or employee can take to ensure success in any endeavor they may choose to undertake. Whether you are a first-time student or someone interested in getting ahead at work, finding your personal learning style is a great place to begin. Then you have a starting off point for using your strengths and improving weaknesses. My personal learning styles, feeling and doing, indicate that I learn best when I care about what I’m learning, and when it applies to my life, and by physically doing something, like a lab which is usually very hands-on. Because getting my degree in order to improve my future is very important to me, caring about what I’m learning, no matter the subject, is quite easy. It will also apply to my life after college, so the hands-on aspect is met in that way, in that I can see how the subjects might be used in my future. Another important step for success is to set small goals. This step allows for easy opportunities to do well while making progress towards the larger main goal. Finding and using all available tools is essential for success, as is being ethical; doing the best work possible will ensure the best results. With long term goals such as ‘get a degree or ‘get a promotion a raise or both, the amount of work can be daunting. Breaking those into smaller goals makes each step much easier to obtain. Those many small accomplishments can increase self-esteem, giving the student or employee a good sense of their ability to get things done, rather than faltering because they feel overwhelmed when looking at the big picture. In my situation, my long term goals are to graduate from college with a bachelors degree, and then start a career that will allow me to take care of my family if needed. These are connected, and looking at them in the long term is very stressful, and  overwhelming. Instead, I’m just focusing on the class I’m in at the time. If I can do well in my Foundations class, then I’ll start my next session on a high note, feeling like I’m already on the right path, and already succeeding. I haven’t set any small goals for my future career yet. That’s mostly because I’ve only just started looking at the details of where I might want to work. I don†™t think I’ll be sure what exactly I want to do until closer to graduation, and I’m sure I won’t know where until I know better â€Å"what†. Something I learned in this first class is that there is an easy to follow format for writing and that it can be used in many formats and situations. †It can be referred to as the â€Å"five paragraph essay† and consists of a thesis, three to five supporting paragraphs and a conclusion.† (Halusska, 2006) Learning about this basic formula was a bit of an ‘ah-ha’ moment for me. It gives a very basic way to write papers for just about any occasion that is easy to remember, and to follow. In any class where a paper is required, such as a book summary, lab results, or a short essay, this format can be applied. It also works for presentations, proposals or other professional writing settings. Using all of the resources available is a great way to ensure success. Knowing what those resources are, and how to find them is important as well. In the setting of the University of Phoenix, there are more tools for success than any college experience that Ive had before. The University Library is so much more than it seems. When I hear library, I think big building with stacks and stacks of books for all interests. The online library has that, but it also has tools like the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE), and the Center for Math Excellent (CME). I havent used the CME yet. Im fairly sure it will come into play in my next class. The CWE, however, has been an essential part of my current class. It has tutorials, live help, a grammar checker, free online plagiarism checker for students with percentage, a reference creating tool, and so much more. Another tool for success that I was introduced to recently is the ELI or Ethical Lens Inventory. Your ethical lens is your window to the world for decision making. There are several different perspectives to consider when trying to make an ethical decision, including whats best for the community (or whatever the group might be), versus what’s best for yourself. In a professional setting, an employee’s position (whether they are management or staff) might make a difference in how they perceive a problem, and how they come to a solution.  A manager might have the good of the company in mind while a staff member is likely more concerned with his or herself. McNutt, and Batho (2005) say, for example, â€Å"Values are intimately connected with moral and ethical codes, and determine what people think ought to be done. The value set is composed of rights and duties. The distinction is reasonably straightforward. For the most part, rights and duties are the opposite ends of a given spectrum. If management [or] an employer have a duty to ensure reasonable standards of health and safety for workers, workers have a right to expect it. If it is believed or if it has become a norm that workers have a right to a minimum wage, then management as employers have a duty to pay it.† In a school setting your ELI and critical thinking come into play in other ways. It is very important to cite ones sources when using anything other than your original thoughts in a paper. Anything less is plagiarism. This includes self-plagiarism, using your own previous work without citing that, unintentional plagiarism, not properly citing your source in a paraphrase or quote, and deliberately cutting and pasting someone elses work and claiming it as your own. Plagiarism doesnt just happen school, of course. Publishers see this quite often. The good news is that its becoming much more difficult to get away with using someone elses work. A great example of plagiarism in a professional setting co mes from Micron. They had to retract an article because they discovered that a micrograph was doctored with Photoshop. (Cox, Braet, Egerton 2014). Critical thinking, or looking at a situation in a clear, rational yet open-minded way, is very important no matter your situation. A good example of using critical thinking is when you must determine if a source you want to use is credible. You must consider many factors when deciding on the source. This is one major downside of using the internet for research. A lot of sources might be biased, or not well researched. When using outside sources its a good idea to check that there are references given, and also to check those references. Its also important to look at the URL of the resource. Dot Coms are often business oriented, and less reliable due to advertising involvement. Some good websites might be college pages or non-profit organizations, with authors who are authorities in the field theyre discussing. It is never a good idea to use sites like Wikipedia. They are authored by the general public, and while some articles are well documented, the majority are not. Thinking  critically can be a challenge, but it is also a learned skill, which means there are several ways to improve your ability. Knowing that youre going to have to make a decision is the first step and includes knowing what your options are. It also means acknowledging that when you have made a choice, your other options are no longer viable. You’ve chosen a path, and must move forward. Before you can do that, however, you must define your priorities. What is the desired outcome? The decision you make should focus on that, and move you toward some goal. If it looks like there are no good solutions, the best option might be to wait to make any decisions. Often other options will present themselves. Your situation might change, or you might think if something you hadn’t considered before. (Ellis Toft, 2014) All of these tools combine and work together to enhance your ability to meet your goals. They can be applied separately or together to make good choices, reach your goals, professional or academic, and succeed at life. Whether you’re a student or a professional, using ethics, critical thinking, formulaic writing, will lead to positive outcomes. References Halusska, J. C. (2006, Dec). In Defense of the Formula Essay. Academic Questions, 20(1), 46-55. McNutt, P. A., Batho, C. A. (2005). Code of ethics and employee governance. International Journal of Social Economics, 32(8), 656 666. Cox, G., Braet, F., Egerton, R. (2014, Feb). Ethics Issues. Elsevier, Micron 61(iv). Ellis, D., Toft, D. (2014). Becoming a Master Student (15th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. p.221

Policy :: essays research papers fc

If Western diplomacy has a role to play it will have to be discreet and carefully considered, always bearing in mind that the governing rule of diplomats, like that of doctors, must be ‘first, do no harm’. ( Monteagle) This thought, taken form The Clash of the Civilizations article, succinctly puts forth the ideas that I, as a diplomat learned throughout the Nations Game simulation. Diplomacy carries out the policy that nations have set. In order to carry out policy diplomats must use tactics and strategies within prescribed guidelines. The primary tool, which was most often used during the nations simulation, was negotiation. Most diplomacy is secret, though results are usually made public. The goal of diplomacy is to further the state’s interests without causing resentment. Diplomacy is an alternative to war to achieve a nation’s goals. Its weapon is words. Diplomacy may employ persuasive threats, but is usually peaceful. ‘Diplomacy seeks to strengthen the state, gaining advantages and allies while neutralizing its opponents. Thus, it tries to create good will toward the state it represents† (Britannica). The role of diplomacy during the nations simulation was very important. Envoys had to be shrewd. In order to further ones country, the diplomat had to know exactly what they needed and not back down. For example, the country of Libertania decided early on that it must concentrate on point totals. Political alliances were of secondary importance to them. Press releases were less focused on good will toward other countries, but more on setting up trade appointments. When rumors of war began to brew, Libertania immediately looked at point totals and choose a country strong in military to ally with. Ideological alliances were not at the forefront of Libertania’s strategy. Libertanian women were concerned about slavery and conditions of women in other countries, but were more concerned about our own country progressing economically. Once Libertania was in a strong economic state , then it could use diplomats to bring their political beliefs to the continent. Outside sources, such as the World Council, at first glance thought Libertania had diplomatic failures. However, it was the complete opposite. Libertania was able to move forward through diplomatic treaties. For example, counties such as Crock gave Libertania hundreds of point totals in exchange for signing an ecological preserve pact to protect the Vastlands. Libertania gave up claims to both Land disputes which to outsides seemed to be foolish, costly mistakes. Conversely, they were ingenious maneuvers which allowed Libertania to collect more points. Other countries were delighted to trade us hundreds of point totals for a piece of land that would only yield a couple hundred points.

Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events

Describe concept of faunal succession and use of fossils in correlation and in the subdivision of Earth history. -Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata of Eke age can be recognized by the fossils they contain even if the outcrops of strata are separated by large distances geographically, this only works because species have evolved through time C] older forms of life die out and new forms develop -using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geological time Is the science of physiotherapyD. Recognize the qualities that make fossils useful in physiotherapy. – Physiotherapy: each fossil species is said to have a range through geological time 0 it exists in the geological record from the point that it evolves to the point that it becomes extinct E. Identify important historical figures in the development of stereography and physiotherapy. Archbishop of Armada, James Usher (1581-1665) calculated the Earth to be 6000 years old by adding up all the dates mentioned in the Bible and arrived at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the creation of planet Earth (hard to accept by many people) -Late asses and asses scientists started to conclude that the Earth Is ancient and had undergone much change throughout Its history. This George Xavier (1769-1832) examined the remains of mammoths in Europe concluding they were a once living species that had become extinct F.Appreciate the scale of changes that can occur over geological time scales. – Geological time scale – to represent the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were used to correlate between different regions and characterize particular periods of Earth's history -Today we have a time scale that divides and bedsides Earth's 4. 6 billion years into various time periods G. List some of the major subdivisions/ ages of the geological time scale and appreciate the relative scale between the Phonetics and the Precambrian.This is due to an extraordinary proliferation of f ossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. -Most creatures with hard parts like shells, teeth, and internal skeletons evolved here as they fossil much more readily than soft-bodied creatures -In addition to an increasing biodiversity as new species evolved, many of the new â€Å"hard part creatures† would more readily form fossils. H. Understand how extinction events are linked to the structure of the geological time call. Eras are broad subdivisions that are particularly significant as they represent a grouping of geological periods. They represent times when there has been a major change in the Earth's biosphere. -The base of the Phonetics is defined by the emergence of creatures with hard parts. -The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic is based on the emergence of new species following a mass extinction at the top of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic respectively. -The base of all periods is defined on the emergence of radiation of new species l.List s ome of the major developments in the history of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earth's species must be lost 2) It must be across a broad range of geologies, not restricted to any one niche. 3) It must have short/sudden duration (around 1 million years maximum) K. List the â€Å"Big Five† mass extinction events and their order through time. 1) Cretaceous / Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late -errant's, 205 Ma 3) Perm / Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Distinguish between broad extinction-producing phenomena. ) Biological causes: Organisms being brought together that once lived in isolation can cause mass extinctions (ex. Many of the New Zealand ground dwelling bird fauna were devastated when human hunters and then later European mammals (cats, rats, dogs) were introduced) -The three main modes of biologically induced extinctions: a. Competition between creatures occupying the same ecological niche b. (Excessive) Predation : Predators do not have to do the whole Job, Just drive a population to a low enough level then â€Å"random extinction† can complete the extinction.The idea behind a random extinction is that, although the number of individuals in a species may grow and the species may spread over a wide area, thing ensures the permanent survival of a species. C. Pathogens: disease being introduced to an area by incoming plants or animals 2) Earth-based causes: Extinctions influenced by Earth-based tectonic processes may be caused by changes in continental configuration or changes in atmospheric composition a. Changes in continental configuration: changes in the distribution of continents can have a profound effect.Two major effects of continental configurations: -Changes in climate, ocean cyclist, sea level. Weather patterns and the movement of the oceans are directly linked to the distribution of continents. The Late Ordination extinction -The greater the landmass the lower the diversity. At the moment we have a relatively high biodiversity. This is in part due to the number of continents that are in effect isolated from one another. In times when there is a high degree of continental fragmentation, evolution can proceed in isolation to produce many different species on different landmasses.If plate tectonics cause the formation of a large interconnected land mass there will be more competition between species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/ Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the atmosphere: volcanic activity can also have severe effects. Gases such as carbon dioxide can cause greenhouse warming and aerosols may cause climatic cooling. These can significantly affect the health of the biota c. Extraterrestrial impacts d. Combination of many factors: it is very unlikely that any one factor would be responsible for a global crisis in the biosphere.M. Describe the late Ordination and Perm-Triassic extinction. -Late Ordination: Australia, moves towards the South Pole d uring the late Ordination causing a severe ice age. As water was locked up in the form of glaciers at the Southern Pole, sea level fell. This may have had a severe effect on creatures that live in the shallow water, lose to the continental margins. As the sea retreated off the continental shelf and into the ocean basis shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated. The Perm / Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma): At the end of the Permian, plate tectonics had brought all the continents together to form the super continent of Pangaea -Between 95-98% of all species would go into extinction -It hit both ocean- and land-based ecosystems and was less than 1 million years in duration -Many of the common Paleozoic marine creatures would suffer badly through this extinction including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids.On land, large amphibians and mammal-like reptiles would be badly effected. -Potential causes of the Perm / Triassic extinction (involves a number of events happening at the same time): 1) Continental configuration: drop in biodiversity. The greater the landmass the greater the competition between species. At the end of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or â€Å"all lands† would have brought many species into direct competition. 2) Sea level fall: less ocean ridge activity.Sea floor spreading slowed its pace during the Permian, resulting that the oceanic ridges were smaller in size and displaced less water. Consequently oceans retreated from shallow areas into the deeper basin causing problems for creatures that lived in any remaining shallow marine environments. 3) Oceanic stagnation: The close of the formation of Pangaea saw the end of an ice age. Cold polar waters probably disappeared and ocean circulation slowed or stopped. This would have reduced ventilation of deep ocean waters killing off many deeper marine species.In addition occasional overturn of stagnant water could have brought oxygen poor wa ters to shallower marine communities as well. 4) Climate change: Due to the formation of a large landmass, limited would have been much drier and subject to drought. 5) Siberian Traps: massive volcanic activity in Russia: Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic lava were produced within a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic activity and methane caused by melting of gas hydrates would have resulted in greenhouse warming of the planet.In addition, gas emission from volcanoes would have also produced acid rain effects. 6) Possible impacts: Although still very controversial, it is possible that the Earth suffered impacts from space during this time as well. N. Describe the character of extinctions at the K/Peg boundary. Just as the end of the Permian extinction marked the beginning of a new grouping of periods (the Mesozoic) the end of the Cretaceous extinction is likewise so distinct that it marks the beginning of the latest grouping of periods, the Cenozoic. Characteristics: 1) Over 50% of all species on the planet would go into extinction during the k/Peg extinction event 2) One land, few creatures over 25 keg in weight would survive 3) In general, the extinction was even more severe in the oceans with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into extinction -A ether and son scientific team, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg extinction crosses the K/Peg boundary in Gobi, Italy.The I-CM clay layer lies directly on top of the latest Cretaceous rocks and was found to be enriched in the element iridium (very rare at the Earth's surface and yet in this layer was enriched over xx above background 0 has now been recorded in many other sections around the world that straddle the Cretaceous. Polygene boundary) -Iridium is known to exist in higher concentrations in extra-terrestrial objects such as asteroids. Olivarez suggested that he clay layer enriched in iridium has been produced by a meteor or comet over 10 k m in diameter impacting the Earth.He suggested further that this impact may have also been responsible for the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. O. Discuss the evidence used to support the K/Peg impact. 1) Fern spores vs.. Pollen: Ferns are often the first plants to colonize a landscape that has been devastated by fire. In the earliest Polygene (part of what was formerly called the Tertiary), many areas show an increase in fern spores relative to pollen. This suggests that global forest fires may have raged at the end of the Cretaceous paving a landscape open for ferns to spread.This is further supported by high concentrations of soot found around the K/Peg boundary. 2) Tektites: they are thought to be produced during an impact event and they are composed of natural gas. During impact, rock is melted and ejected form the crater. As it travels through the air and cools, it forms characteristic aerodynamic shapes. Many tektites are found at the K/Peg boundary in many different locations, suggesting a massive impact event. 3) Shocked quartz: In many sections around the K/Peg boundary, fragments of the mineral quartz show evidence of multiple fractures.These fractures are thought to be produced when rock is shattered during a high-energy impact. The fragments are called shocked quartz. 4) Tsunami deposits: Tsunami waves leave characteristic sedimentary deposits on inundated shores and as far inland as the waves reach. This feature was found in Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, and the Carolinas suggesting the passage of an enormous wave, far larger than could have been produced by standard tectonic processes.Such a wave could have been generated if an impact had occurred in the ocean. P. Describe the location and probable nature of the K/Peg impact. The distribution of tektites, iridium, shocked quartz, and other potential impact related features was pointing towards a possible centre of activity in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. An oil company had drilled wells in the area and encountered unusual fractures and even melted rock suggesting the area had been subjected to some form of extreme stress. The presence of a crater was finally confirmed when geophysical data revealed a large circular disturbance over km in diameter, the Clubbing Impact Crater -The object responsible for this crater had a shallow angle of entry around 0-30 degrees and is estimated to have been at least 10 km across. -As an analogy, you can think of something the size of Mount Everest hitting the surface of the planet. The energy released by the impact was equivalent to 6. Axes tons of TNT. An estimated 100 kamala of rock was vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Material that wasn't instantly vaporized was thrown out of the crater (the ejects) and Q.Describe the initial and long-term effects of the impact and their environmental consequences. 1) Initial effects (seconds to days) of the impact in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula were significant a. Everything clo se by would have been vaporized b. The intense heat form the blast and the hot debris (including tektites) would have started massive forest fires as suggested by the fern and pollen data c. As the impact occurred partly in the ocean, a massive tsunami would have been generated 2) Longer-term effects (months to decades) of the impact were numerous.Two significant effects were on global temperature and on atmospheric composition. A. Global temperature changes -Dust thrown into the atmosphere would have shut off sunlight for weeks or perhaps months generating a period of cold (a â€Å"Cold House†, lasting weeks to months. The lack of sunlight would also have had severe consequences for plants and photosynthetic algae. -After the dust had settled, water vapor would have remained in the atmosphere acting as a blanket, preventing heat from escaping the Earth. This would have created a greenhouse effect and caused a rise in global temperature. Eventually the excess water vapor woul d be removed by rainfall. However, the temperature of the Earth would continue to rise due to the release of greenhouse gases during impact (a â€Å"Hot House†), lasting years to decades. In particular, carbon dioxide would have been liberated when large quantities of limestone (calcium carbonate, Cacao) would have vaporized during the impact. -The Mesozoic had in general been a warm equable environment. These swings in temperature would have laced a lot of stress on creatures more used to stable climatic conditions. . Acid Rain -High-energy blasts can cause oxygen to combine with nitrogen to form oxides of nitrogen. When these are dissolved in water (ex. Rainfall), it becomes nitric acid. -In addition to the vaporization of limestone as described in (a) above, rocks called evaporates were also vaporized in the blast. Evaporates form when salts precipitate out of solution as the sun evaporates a body of water. This can occur on a vast scale, for example in the Mediterranean S ea, which is closed off at the Strait of Gibraltar.With virtually no input of water from the Atlantic Ocean, high rates of evaporation resulted in the Sea being converted into a vast sultan. This process had also occurred in the Yucatan area. The effect of high-energy blasts on sulfate-rich evaporates is the release of large amounts of sulfur gases. These gases, when dissolved in rainwater, fall to Earth as sulfuric acid. Although the acidity of the nitric- and sulfuric- containing rain was weak and could probably not affect any large animals directly, they would have been affected the acidity of soil and surface ocean.This would have had a devastating effect on plant life and plankton. Thus, the effects from acid rain on the organisms that form the base of the food chain or food web had serious repercussions for all the creatures at higher atrophic levels. R. Consider other potential causes of the K/Peg environmental consequences. -Some scientists remain convinced that another impa ct at the K/Peg boundary (perhaps not loud have been significantly larger than the Clubbing impact, but impacts would NOT have been the only cause.Some factors may be: -During the late Cretaceous, the superscription of Pangaea was starting to fragment. This would have caused changes in oceanic circulation and climate. -Even more significantly, global climate would have been affected by an increase in volcanic activity, in particular, during the formation of the Decca Traps in India, which were highly active at this time. Like the Siberian Traps that occurred at the end of the Permian, this activity would have reduced vast quantities of gases that could have seriously affected the Earth's climate.S. Describe the type and location of potential impostors and rate of meteor influx. 1) Comets are essentially material left over from the formation of the Solar System and are composed of icy material and other debris – effectively â€Å"dirty snowballs† in space. As comets tra vel towards the Sun, the ices vaporize producing the comet's tail. -Two examples of comets are comet Halley, which comes into view of the Earth every 74-79 years, and comet Hale-Bop that was last seen in the night sky in 1997 and will turn in 2380 years. An annual event is the Leonie Meteor Shower, which is visible in Canadian skies in November. This rain of â€Å"shooting stars† is produced as the Earth passes through the debris left behind by comet Temple-Tuttle as it orbits around the sun -There are two comet â€Å"stores† in the Solar System: a) The Keeper belt exists in an area from about the orbit of Neptune to about 50 auk's out (1 AU = 150 million km) -May contain 1 billion (1 x IOWA) comets that are greater than km in diameter. ) The Root cloud is a cloud of comets that exists way beyond the Keeper belt and is only Oakley associated with our sun -May have more than 200 comets with a diameter greater than 500 km with many smaller but still significant in size - It is interesting to note that comets may have been responsible for bringing much of the water and perhaps some of the organic compounds that would lead to the development of life of Earth 2) Asteroids are mostly found in a belt between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.It is speculated that they may represent the material that might have formed another planet early in the history of the Solar System if it were not for the gravitational effects of Jupiter. Some asteroids are solid, rocky to metallic while others are little more than â€Å"rubble piles† in space. Collisions between asteroids could potentially cause them to be redirected into Earth-crossing orbits. Of those so far mapped, a few are over km in diameter, about 1000 have diameters greater than 30 km and 1 million (alexia) with diameters over 1 km T.List some of the major impact features preserved on the Earth's surface and explain why impact craters appear to be rare on Earth. -Around 100 billion (IXIA 1) objects ente r our atmosphere every rush 0 most of these are burned out at a distance of km above the Earth's surface. These objects are commonly traveling around 11-km/ second. At such speeds, the atmosphere acts like a brick wall. If an object enters at a shallow angle, it may skip like a stone being skipped across a pond and fly back out to space -Early in Earth's history, our planet probably suffered on our planetary neighbors' like Mercury.The evidence of this early bombardment is missing on Earth due to processes of erosion and active plate tectonics. -Until recently (sass's) the possibility of impact on Earth's surface was regarded as improbable. -Craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona and even the craters on the non were held by some to represent extinct volcanoes and not impact craters at all. U. Describe some of the features and processes of crater formation. Gene Shoemaker was to change this view by studying features such as the material thrown out of a crater (ejects), shocked quar tz, and chemical anomalies, which demonstrated extra-terrestrial origins for these features. -With the aid of satellite imagery, we are now beginning to identify more craters on the surface of our planet. V. Provide examples of Canadian Impact Craters. -Manicuring impact crater (Northern Quebec) – formed about 214 Ma in the Late Triassic. It is km in diameter but was probably as wide as km before glacial erosion stripped away the upper levels. This impact even is thought to be associated with 4 others including Saint Martin Crater (Manitoba) – 40 km in diameter and Architecture Crater (France) – 25 km in diameter. -When the continents are reassembled into their locations during the late Triassic all these craters line up along 22. 8 degrees North latitude over a distance of 462 km. -It is thought that this almost improbable alignment may actually represent a fragmented body that generated several impacts. It is interesting to note that although the effects of th is impact would have been severe, it is not associated with a major mass extinction event W. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Rap and Sheepskin. -They analyzed the number of mass extinctions during the Phonetics and concluded that every 25 million years there was severe stress on the biosphere, sometimes associated with a mass extinction event -There is no known terrestrial geological process that could cause this frequency of problems for the biosphere.So it was suggested that an extraterrestrial source may be to blame 0 comets in the Root cloud were cited as being the most likely culprit -Rap and Sheepskin's hypothesis suggests that every 25-26 million years, something shifts the Root cloud, which causes some comets to fall in towards the Sun and a possible impact with the Earth 0 for this to work, we need to identify a gravity source that can cause disturbances in the cloud on a regular 25 million year basis: 1) Nemesis – Companion Star: This hypothesis proposes that ou r Sun has a companion star way beyond the outer limits of our Solar System whose orbit brings it close to the Root cloud every 25 million years.The gravitational effects of this close pass could cause comets to fall into the inner Solar System. If this body was a red dwarf star or even a black hole, it might be difficult to detect, but even though powerful telescopes such as Hubble have the Nemesis hypothesis, this has an astronomical body (Planet X) that causes shifts in the Root cloud as it orbits around the Sun. In this case, the body y is a planet lying within the bounds of the Root cloud but outside the Keeper belt. Again, no evidence of such a planet has been found. 3) Movement Through the Galactic Plane: In the same way that our planet orbits the Sun, so our Solar System orbits around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.Galaxies are not Just flat pancakes of stars, they also have â€Å"thickness† -In addition to traveling around our galaxy, our Solar System is also movi ng up and down through it, Every 25-26 million years we pass through the densest part of the galaxy, which contains a higher number of stars and also the most gravitational effects. It is proposed that it is this movement through the dense part of the galactic plane that is responsible for the shifts in the Root cloud and thereby a potential impact related biosphere crisis every 25 million years or so. X. List and describe some recent impacts and â€Å"near misses†. ) Tunas, Siberia None 30, 1908): A large explosion about km above the surface attributed to an extraterrestrial object breaking up I the atmosphere (which is why no crater was found).Fortunately, the area was not populated but people and horses km away were knocked off their feet. The shock wave from the blast traveled around the Earth twice. -In Scotland and Sweden, a light appeared in the sky so bright that you could read books at am without the aid of artificial light. It has been suggested that this might have been a fragment of comet Neck, which was passing close by the Earth at hat time -Over 80 million trees were knocked over covering an area about kamala (compare the area of the Tunas devastation to that of the area occupied by Washington, D. C. ) 2) Asteroid near misses: 1989, 1996, 2009, 2011 -March 22, 1989: A mm asteroid misses Earth by 6 hours.

Young Goodman Brown: A Self-Portrait

Nathaniel Hawthorne was undeniably interested in the roles of his ancestors in the Salem Witch Trials.   Much of his literature combines the elements of Puritan thought with the deeper, often evil desires of the human psyche.   Young Goodman Brown’s nighttime journey in the story of the same name is an allegorical re-visitation to the madness of the Salem witch trials.   Through this story, Young Goodman Brown and his journey become universal symbols for all mankind.Hawthorne juxtaposed 19th Century religious thought with 16th Century Puritan thought in several of his works, including â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, whose title character represents, as his name implies, every man.   Ã‚  The religious thought of both the centuries in question operated on fear, which ultimately leads several individuals, under the guise of overcoming or even conquering their fears, into the world of evil.To Hawthorne, Salem was â€Å"the center of the witchcraft delusion, in the witc hing times of 1692, and it shows the populace of Salem Village, those chief in authority as well as obscure young citizens like Brown, enticed by fiendish shapes into the frightful solitude of superstitious fear† (Abel 133).     Brown, like all others of his village, is conflicted between accepting this fear and conquering it.   Unfortunately, for most, this battle has unhappy consequences.  Ã‚   Brown, as a representative for all people, is generally naà ¯ve and accepting, and thus ill-equipped to handle the terrifying night in the forest (Fogle 15).   After all, it is in the best interest of the Puritan religious leaders to keep people constrained under fear rather than behave after the realization that all people sin.Several symbols equate Brown’s journey to the journey of every individual who struggles with the conflict between religion and self.  Ã‚   The first is the forest, as a symbol for the dark and evil place where people are tempted to go. Brown , himself, is drawn into the forest, an archetype for evil and the unknown, for the reason presented above, as an attempt to overcome the fear brought on by religious dogma.   It is in the forest that he is exposed to his utmost fears and where he realizes the shortcoming of humanity.This realization begins with the temptation of man by the devil.   This devil â€Å"seeks to lure the still reluctant goodman to a witch-meeting.   In the process he progressively undermines the young man’s faith in the institutions and the men whom he has heretofore revered† (Fogle 17).   In doing this, Brown loses his ability to operate in the society of man and lives as a sadly disillusioned, miserable creature. According to Levy, he â€Å"is Everyman.   The bargain he has struck with Satan is the universal one . . . (117).  Ã‚   Thus, most people can relate to this type of demonic bargaining which has become a universal theme in literature.Anther symbol which connects Brow n to any human being is his stringent belief in another human being or institution – this time Faith, which represents both.   She is described as wearing a cap with pink ribbons, which suggest girlishness and naivetà ©. In this way, she is just like every woman Abel calls these ribbons â€Å"a badge of feminine innocence† (Abel 130).   However, when Brown finds the ribbon in the woods, separated from his Faith (and faith), the symbolic meaning of the ribbons changes.   Here, they signify a loss of innocence.   Fogle explains that the pink of the ribbons becomes deepened into the color of blood and fire which represents faith’s demonic baptism into sin (Fogle 24).  The tie of temptation and women hails back to the book of Genesis, and the realization of Faith’s supposed fall precipitates Brown’s loss.   Levy calls the ribbon â€Å"the tangible evidence of Faith’s desertion† (117) which parallels some defining moment in wh ich many people lose their faith.   This personalizes the loss for Brown, as it is for all people.As Brown traverses the forest, he encounters other individuals.   One, who looks strikingly like Brown, accompanies him for a while.   While the reader understands that this man must be one of Brown’s ancestors, Brown himself is blind to the similarities.   This man takes on the role of companion and implies to Brown that his own ancestors made a similar journey, which Brown also disregards. Their encounter with Goody Cloyse is symbolic for two reasons. First, the encounter has Biblical implications and second, it represents another moment if disillusionment for Brown.   The staff is mentioned several times in the Bible.   In one story Aaron throws his staff at the feet of the evil Pharoah and it turned into a serpent.   The serpent represents evil.   When the companion throws is staff at the feet of Goody Cloyse, it also turns into a serpent, indicating her evil nature as well (Hale, 17).This distresses Brown, who does not understand why his Sunday School teacher would be in the midst of the evil forest.   â€Å"That old woman taught me my catechism† (Hawthorne 303). The catechism was really the only source of literature about pious living other than the Bible.   Brown probably learned all about the sins of the flesh from Goody Cloyse and ironically, she is here in the forest of evil.   Brown continues to encounter other religious officials in the forest which parallels the astonishment and sadness of any person who discovers a religious icon has behaved in a hypocritical manner.Ultimately, Brown loses his internal battle.   The realization that everyone he had revered was not what he had imagined them to be forces him to give in to the evil of the forest wholeheartedly.   He screams out, â€Å"Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powwow, come devil himself!   And here comes Goodman Brown.   You may as well fear him as he fear you!† (Hawthorne 306).   Of course, the story ends with ambiguity.   Did Brown really witness a devilish marriage?   Did Faith really submit to the altar of the devil?   The reader and Brown never really know the answer to these questions.Once Brown awakens, all evidence is gone.   He returns to his Faith, his elders and his life.   Faith is once again adorned in her pink ribbons, which â€Å"†¦ suggest, rather than symbolize something light and playful, consistent with her anxious simplicity at the beginning and the joyful, almost childish eagerness with which she greets Brown at the end† (Levy 124).   Brown’s journey has come full circle.   Unfortunately, the reality does not matter as much as Brown’s interpretation of the events that may or may not have been a dream.   He is unable to reconcile his original conceptions of the people in his life (or himself) with what he experienced on his journey.  Ã‚   Though his life with Faith continues, â€Å"†¦ his dying hour was gloom† (Hawthorne 310).Clearly, this parallels with the experiences of mankind.   Disillusionment is prevalent, and it can cause misery, sin and even death.   Loss of faith in an individual or in an institution is devastating.   Many times this loss marks the person for life, preventing them from enjoying what life has to offer.   Acceptance of sin and corruption is very hard to take, especially of a loved one or a firmly held belief.Hawthorne clearly adopted the idea that â€Å"unlovely demons were everywhere, in the sunshine as well as in the darkness, and that they were hidden in men’s hearts and stole into their most secret thoughts† (Abel 133). Young Goodman Brown is indicative of every good man’s battle with such demons.   As the story implies, this battle is more often lost than won, but most people are able to continue living their lives in spite of this acquiescence to evil.   Som e, though, such as Goodman Brown, are not able to do so.   According to Abel, â€Å"such a battle often led to an inner despair.   They were constantly tormented because of the possible convictions and judgments of their peers.   This battle intrigued Hawthorne and he sought out its presence in Puritan literature† (133).     Ã¢â‚¬Å"Young Goodman Brown† is the story of all people’s inner battles.   Some win; some lose.Works CitedAbel, Darrel.   The Moral Picturesque:   Studies in Hawthorne’s Fiction.   Indiana:   Purdue UP,1988.Fogle, Richard Harter.   Hawthorne’s Fiction:   The Light and the Dark.   Norman:   U ofOklahoma P, 1952Hale, John K.   â€Å"The Serpentine Staff in ‘Young Goodman Brown.’†Ã‚   Nathaniel   HawthorneReview   19   (Fall 1993):   17-18.Hawthorne,   Nathaniel.   â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†Ã‚   Perrine’s Literature:   Structure Sound and   Ã‚   Sense.à ‚   9th Ed. Arp and Johnson Eds. Boston:   Thomson, 2006Levy, Leo B.   â€Å"The Problem of Faith in ‘Young Goodman Brown.’† Modern Critcial   Views:Nathaniel Hawthorne.   Ed. Harold Bloom.   New York:   Chelsea House, 1986.   115-126.

Canada Post essays

Canada Post essays Canada Post Corporation will face many difficulties in the future stemming from two present concerns: Ø Customer Perception- Customer perception is fairly negative and is either associated with problems evident in the past or those associated with the United States Postal Service. Ø Unionized Labour- Unions are a constant problem for any company associated with them. To remedy these situations we propose the following: Ø Divestiture- CPC should break into strategic business units. Each unit would then be responsible for individual quality control, sales, personnel as well as research and development. This divestiture will help them to reduce the detrimental effects of CPCs union as they will be contained in only one or two of the strategic business units and not the whole of the company. This will also facilitate CPCs drive into e-commerce as they will be able to hire technical experts into a strategic business unit without the consent of the union. Ø Improve customer awareness- Incorporate an active advertisement campaign aimed at improving customer awareness of CPCs improvements in operations and service. CPC is the fifth largest employer in Canada, employing almost 64,000 personnel to maintain daily business operations within Canada and abroad. The corporation is a Federal Crown Corporation responsible to customers, stakeholders, government, Canadian Union of Postal Workers(CUPW), and employees. In 1982/83 Canada Post incorporated. Since then it has operated a customer based organization that has recorded an increase its revenue by 138% since its incorporation. CPC boasted revenues of $5,380 million for year 1998/99. CPC currently owns a significant portion of Purolator Courier Limited (95.8%) which is a leading domestic courier company within Canada. CPC also holds shares in International Post Corporation (IPC) which provides international consulting services for the mail distribution...

Book Club Discussion Questions for When You Reach Me

Book Club Discussion Questions for 'When You Reach Me' When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead is a young adult novel that will delight adults and youth alike. Use these book club discussion questions on When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead to lead your book club or reading group into Steads book. Book Club Discussion Questions  for  When You Reach Me Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead. Finish the book before reading on. How did the 20,000 Pyramid play a role in the story? How did her mothers quest with the game show mirror Mirandas quest to make sense of her life?Did you have trouble understanding the concept of time travel allowing something to happen before the person actually traveled back in time? Or did Malcolm and Julias explanations make sense to you?Malcolm tells Miranda, Einstein says common sense is just a habit of thought. Its how were used to thinking about things, but a lot of time it just gets in the way of whats true (51). Do you think thats true? Have you ever had to let go of assumptions in order to see the truth? Have you ever known anyone who was very smart but did not seem to have any common sense? Would you rather have a lot of common sense or the ability to see a few profound truths that other people miss?At what point did you realize the laughing man was Malcolm?Were you satisfied with the way all the mysteries came together in the end?A Wrinkle in Time by Madeline LEngle has a big impact on Miranda, but also on Rebecca Stead and the idea for this book. Did reading When You Reach Me make you want to read A Wrinkle in Time again? Is there any book that took hold of you the way A Wrinkle in Time took hold of Miranda―that you read and reread either as a child or an adult?How does Miranda change in this book? In what ways do her relationships with her mother and friends mature?Rate When You Reach Me on a scale of 1 to 5.